Background
Verified Service Provider in Tanzania

Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service in Tanzania Engineering Excellence & Technical Support

Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service High-standard technical execution following OEM protocols and local regulatory frameworks.

Talk To Sales

End-to-End Chain of Custody Tracking

Ensures full traceability of medical e-waste from point of generation to final destruction or recycling. Utilizes a robust digital platform with unique identifiers for each batch, enabling real-time monitoring and auditable records to prevent illegal dumping and ensure compliance with national and international regulations.

Regulatory Compliance & Data Security

Adheres strictly to Tanzania's Ministry of Health and Environment regulations for medical e-waste management. Employs secure data sanitization protocols for devices containing sensitive patient information, guaranteeing data privacy and mitigating legal and reputational risks for healthcare facilities.

Resource Recovery & Circular Economy Integration

Facilitates the responsible dismantling and recycling of medical e-waste to recover valuable materials and components. Collaborates with certified recycling partners to promote a circular economy model, reducing reliance on virgin resources and contributing to sustainable development in Tanzania.

What Is Medical E-waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service In Tanzania?

Medical e-waste handling and recycling coordination services in Tanzania refer to the specialized management of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) originating from healthcare facilities. This encompasses the collection, transportation, storage, treatment, and environmentally sound disposal or recycling of medical devices and associated electronic components that have reached their end-of-life or are no longer functional. The service is critical for mitigating the significant environmental and public health risks posed by hazardous materials present in medical e-waste, such as heavy metals, flame retardants, and infectious agents. These risks include the leaching of toxic substances into soil and water, air pollution from improper incineration, and potential occupational hazards for waste handlers and the general public.

This service is indispensable for any entity generating or responsible for medical e-waste in Tanzania. This includes public and private hospitals, clinics, diagnostic laboratories, dental practices, veterinary facilities, and medical research institutions. Furthermore, government regulatory bodies and waste management companies involved in the healthcare sector also require and utilize these coordination services to ensure compliance with national and international environmental regulations and to promote sustainable waste management practices.

User/EntityNeeds AddressedTypical Use Cases
Hospitals (Public & Private)Safe disposal of diagnostic equipment (e.g., MRI machines, X-ray units), patient monitoring devices, IT infrastructure, and surgical instruments with electronic components. Compliance with environmental standards. Minimizing liability.Scheduled decommissioning of old imaging equipment, regular collection of end-of-life laboratory analyzers, disposal of malfunctioning patient beds with electronic controls.
Clinics & Health CentersManagement of smaller electronic medical devices (e.g., blood pressure monitors, thermometers, small laboratory equipment), ensuring proper handling of potentially infectious e-waste.Disposal of outdated electronic diagnostic tools, regular clean-outs of electronic consumables.
Diagnostic LaboratoriesRecycling of sensitive laboratory equipment such as PCR machines, centrifuges, automated sample handlers, and associated IT hardware. Preventing contamination.End-of-life management for high-throughput screening equipment, disposal of obsolete analytical instruments.
Dental PracticesHandling of electronic dental chairs, X-ray machines, intraoral scanners, and sterilization equipment with electronic controls.Replacement cycle for digital X-ray sensors, decommissioning of older electronic dental units.
Veterinary FacilitiesManagement of electronic veterinary diagnostic tools, monitoring equipment, and imaging devices.Disposal of used veterinary ultrasound machines, end-of-life electronic patient monitors for animals.
Medical Research InstitutionsRecycling of specialized research equipment with electronic components, ensuring data security and environmental compliance for sophisticated laboratory instruments.Decommissioning of advanced analytical instruments, disposal of experimental electronic prototypes.
Government Regulatory Agencies (e.g., NEMC, Po-RALG)Oversight, enforcement of regulations, licensing of e-waste handlers, and ensuring national environmental protection goals are met.Auditing of medical e-waste management practices, setting standards for e-waste treatment, monitoring import/export of e-waste.
Waste Management CompaniesProviding specialized collection, transport, and processing services for medical e-waste. Developing compliant infrastructure and expertise.Offering end-to-end medical e-waste management solutions to healthcare providers, operating licensed e-waste treatment facilities.

Key Components of Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Services:

  • Assessment and Auditing of Medical E-Waste Streams
  • Development of Customized E-Waste Management Plans
  • Secure Collection and Segregation Protocols
  • Specialized Transportation Logistics (compliant with hazardous material transport regulations)
  • Secure and Compliant Storage Solutions
  • Partnership Management with Licensed Treatment and Recycling Facilities
  • Data Management, Tracking, and Reporting (including chain of custody)
  • Regulatory Compliance Assurance and Permitting Support
  • Environmental Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies
  • Stakeholder Training and Capacity Building

Who Needs Medical E-waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service In Tanzania?

Effective medical e-waste handling and recycling in Tanzania is crucial for protecting public health, safeguarding the environment, and complying with regulations. A dedicated coordination service is essential for various entities within the healthcare sector and those involved in its lifecycle. This service bridges the gap between generators of medical e-waste, specialized recyclers, and regulatory bodies, ensuring a safe, efficient, and environmentally sound process.

Target Customer GroupRelevant Departments/UnitsSpecific Needs/Roles
Hospitals & Healthcare FacilitiesAdministration, Procurement, Biomedical Engineering, Estates/Facilities Management, Environmental Health & Safety OfficersSafe collection, segregation, storage, and compliant disposal/recycling of obsolete or damaged medical electronic equipment (e.g., monitors, imaging machines, diagnostic tools). Need for trained personnel and access to certified recyclers.
LaboratoriesLaboratory Management, Procurement, IT Department (for lab equipment)Disposal of specialized electronic laboratory equipment (e.g., centrifuges with electronic components, PCR machines, spectrophotometers). Need for proper handling of potentially contaminated e-waste.
PharmaciesPharmacy Management, ProcurementDisposal of electronic point-of-sale systems, inventory management devices, and potentially small electronic medical devices.
Medical Equipment Manufacturers & DistributorsSales, Service & Maintenance, Logistics, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) DepartmentsManaging end-of-life take-back programs, ensuring compliant disposal of demo units or returned faulty equipment. Need for responsible lifecycle management.
Medical Training InstitutionsAdministration, IT Department, Procurement, Research DepartmentsHandling of obsolete electronic teaching aids, laboratory equipment, and IT infrastructure. Need for responsible disposal of research-related electronic waste.
Government Ministries & AgenciesMinistry of Health (various departments including public health, medical services), National Environment Management Council (NEMC), Ministry of Industries and Trade (for regulations)Developing and enforcing regulations, overseeing compliance, facilitating national e-waste management strategies, and coordinating efforts across different health facilities. Need for clear policy and oversight.
Waste Management CompaniesOperations, Business Development, Environmental CompliancePartnering with coordination services to offer specialized medical e-waste handling and recycling solutions. Need for access to generators and clear understanding of regulatory requirements.
NGOs & International OrganizationsProgram Management, Logistics, FinanceSupporting the establishment and sustainability of medical e-waste management systems, particularly in underserved areas. Funding and technical assistance for infrastructure and training.

Target Customers for Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service in Tanzania

  • Hospitals (Public and Private)
  • Clinics and Health Centers (Public and Private)
  • Laboratories (Medical and Diagnostic)
  • Pharmacies
  • Medical Equipment Manufacturers and Distributors
  • Medical Training Institutions (Universities, Colleges)
  • Government Ministries and Agencies responsible for Health and Environment
  • Waste Management Companies (specializing in hazardous waste)
  • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) involved in health and environmental initiatives
  • International Organizations and Donors supporting health infrastructure

Medical E-waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service Process In Tanzania

This document outlines the Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service Process in Tanzania, detailing the workflow from initial inquiry to the successful execution of the service. The service aims to ensure the safe, compliant, and environmentally responsible management of medical electronic waste generated within healthcare facilities across Tanzania.

StageActivityResponsible PartyDeliverables/OutcomesKey Considerations
Inquiry & Initial ConsultationHealthcare facility contacts the service provider with a need for medical e-waste management. Initial discussion to understand scope, volume, and urgency.Healthcare Facility, Service ProviderUnderstanding of client needs, preliminary scope definition.Urgency of request, type of e-waste expected, existing waste management practices.
Site Assessment & Waste CharacterizationService provider conducts a site visit to assess the quantity, type, and location of medical e-waste. Identification of specific equipment and potential hazards.Service ProviderDetailed waste inventory, hazard assessment report, identification of required handling equipment and personnel.Safety protocols, potential contamination, storage conditions, compliance with relevant regulations (e.g., NEMA).
Proposal Development & AgreementBased on the assessment, the service provider develops a comprehensive proposal outlining services, timelines, costs, and environmental compliance measures. Formal agreement is signed.Service Provider, Healthcare FacilityFormal proposal, signed Service Level Agreement (SLA) or contract.Transparency in pricing, clarity on responsibilities, dispute resolution mechanisms, adherence to contractual obligations.
Logistics & Collection PlanningDetailed planning for collection, including scheduling, route optimization, vehicle allocation, and ensuring appropriate safety and containment materials are available.Service ProviderCollection schedule, transportation plan, resource allocation (personnel, vehicles, equipment).Minimizing disruption to healthcare operations, ensuring secure transport, adherence to hazardous waste transportation regulations.
Safe Collection & TransportationTrained personnel, adhering to strict safety protocols, collect and package the medical e-waste. Transportation to designated processing facilities using specialized vehicles.Service ProviderSecurely collected and transported medical e-waste, manifest of collected items.Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), proper labeling, spill containment, driver training, adherence to traffic and safety laws.
Processing & RecyclingWaste is transported to an authorized recycling facility. Wastes are dismantled, hazardous components are safely neutralized or disposed of, and reusable materials are recovered.Authorized Recycling Facility, Service Provider (oversight)Processed medical e-waste, recovered materials, certificates of destruction/recycling.Compliance with environmental regulations, traceability of materials, safe disposal of hazardous fractions.
Documentation & ReportingComprehensive documentation of the entire process, including waste manifests, certificates of destruction/recycling, and environmental impact reports. Provided to the healthcare facility.Service ProviderFinal reports, certificates, audit trails.Record-keeping requirements, regulatory compliance, transparency for the client.
Payment & FeedbackInvoicing and payment are processed according to the agreed terms. Client feedback is solicited to improve future service delivery.Healthcare Facility, Service ProviderPayment settlement, client satisfaction feedback.Timely invoicing, efficient payment processing, constructive feedback for continuous improvement.

Key Stages in the Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service Process

  • Inquiry & Initial Consultation
  • Site Assessment & Waste Characterization
  • Proposal Development & Agreement
  • Logistics & Collection Planning
  • Safe Collection & Transportation
  • Processing & Recycling
  • Documentation & Reporting
  • Payment & Feedback

Medical E-waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service Cost In Tanzania

The cost of medical e-waste handling and recycling coordination services in Tanzania is influenced by several key factors, making it difficult to provide a single, definitive price. These factors include the volume and type of e-waste, the geographical location of collection and processing, the complexity of the waste stream (e.g., presence of hazardous materials), the chosen recycling methods, and the required level of certification and reporting. Service providers often offer customized quotes based on a thorough assessment of these parameters. Generally, the service involves collection, transportation, secure data destruction (if applicable), dismantling, and environmentally sound recycling or disposal. The Tanzanian market for specialized medical e-waste management is still developing, with a growing number of registered and capable service providers.

Key Pricing Factors:

  • Volume of E-Waste: Larger quantities typically command lower per-unit costs due to economies of scale in collection and processing.
  • Type of E-Waste: Items like old medical imaging equipment (MRI, CT scanners), laboratory instruments, and specialized electronic monitoring devices may be more complex and costly to handle and recycle than simpler items like old computers or monitors.
  • Hazardous Material Content: Medical e-waste can contain mercury, lead, cadmium, and other hazardous substances. The presence and concentration of these materials significantly increase handling and disposal costs due to specialized treatment requirements and regulatory compliance.
  • Transportation Costs: The distance from the healthcare facility to the recycling facility, fuel prices, and accessibility of the location will impact transportation expenses.
  • Data Destruction Requirements: For devices containing sensitive patient data, secure data destruction services are often required, adding to the overall cost.
  • Recycling Facility Capabilities and Certifications: Facilities with advanced recycling technologies and recognized environmental certifications (e.g., ISO 14001) may charge more due to their investment in infrastructure and processes.
  • Regulatory Compliance and Reporting: The cost can also include fees associated with permits, licenses, and comprehensive reporting on waste streams and their final disposition, as mandated by Tanzanian environmental regulations.
  • Service Provider's Overhead and Profit Margin: Like any business, operational costs and desired profit margins influence pricing.
  • Contract Duration: Long-term contracts may offer more favorable pricing compared to one-off services.
Service ComponentEstimated Cost Range (TZS) - LowEstimated Cost Range (TZS) - HighNotes
Collection & Transportation (per trip/batch)50,000500,000Dependent on volume, distance, and accessibility
E-Waste Sorting & Segregation20,000150,000Based on complexity and hazardous material identification
Secure Data Destruction (per device/batch)10,000100,000For hard drives, servers, etc.
Basic Dismantling & Material Recovery30,000300,000For metal, plastic, component separation
Hazardous Material Treatment/Disposal100,0001,000,000+Highly variable, depends on substance and quantity
Certification & Reporting Fees50,000500,000Per shipment or annual contract
Coordination & Project Management Fee50,000250,000Percentage of total project cost or fixed fee

Typical Cost Ranges for Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination in Tanzania (Tanzanian Shilling - TZS)

  • Small-scale collection (e.g., a few boxes of small electronics from a clinic): TZS 100,000 - 300,000
  • Medium-scale collection (e.g., office IT equipment, basic medical devices from a hospital ward): TZS 300,000 - 1,000,000
  • Large-scale or specialized equipment (e.g., x-ray machines, laboratory equipment from a major hospital): TZS 1,000,000 - 5,000,000+ (highly variable)

Affordable Medical E-waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service Options

Navigating the complexities of medical e-waste handling and recycling can be a significant challenge for healthcare facilities, often burdened by regulatory compliance, data security concerns, and cost considerations. Our service is designed to provide affordable, coordinated solutions, ensuring responsible disposal and maximizing value recovery. We offer flexible value bundles and implement strategic cost-saving measures to make this essential service accessible and efficient for all healthcare providers.

Value BundleDescriptionKey BenefitsEstimated Cost Range (Per Facility/Annual)
Essential Compliance BundleCovers core needs: secure data destruction, basic recycling for non-reclaimable items, and standard reporting.Ensures regulatory adherence, data privacy, and fundamental responsible disposal.$X,XXX - $XX,XXX
Value Maximizer BundleIncludes Essential Compliance plus advanced asset tracking, potential for component refurbishment, and enhanced value recovery reporting.Maximizes ROI through salvaged materials, offers greater transparency, and supports sustainability goals.$XX,XXX - $XXX,XXX
Total Care BundleAll features of Value Maximizer, plus dedicated account management, custom reporting, proactive risk assessment, and priority scheduling.Provides a comprehensive, hands-off solution for large or complex organizations, minimizing internal resource drain.$XXX,XXX+

Key Service Components & Value Proposition

  • Comprehensive E-Waste Auditing & Reporting: Detailed inventory of all electronic waste, tracking its lifecycle and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
  • Secure Data Destruction: Certified data wiping and physical destruction services to meet HIPAA and other privacy standards, safeguarding patient information.
  • Environmentally Responsible Recycling: Partnership with R2 and e-Stewards certified recyclers to ensure ethical and sustainable disposal practices.
  • Logistics & Transportation Management: Coordinated pickup and delivery schedules to minimize disruption and optimize resource utilization.
  • Regulatory Compliance Guidance: Expert support to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of medical e-waste regulations.
  • Value Recovery & Rebates: Identification and maximization of potential returns from salvaged components and materials.

Verified Providers In Tanzania

Finding reliable healthcare providers is paramount for ensuring quality care and peace of mind. In Tanzania, "Verified Providers" signifies a level of trust and assurance, indicating that these healthcare professionals and facilities have met stringent standards and undergone thorough credentialing processes. Franance Health stands out as a leading platform committed to connecting individuals with these trusted, verified providers. Their rigorous vetting process, transparency in credentials, and focus on patient well-being make them the optimal choice for navigating Tanzania's healthcare landscape.

AspectFranance Health's Verification MeansBenefit to Patients
CredentialingThorough check of qualifications, licenses, and certifications.Assurance of competence and legal practice.
ExperienceVerification of practical experience and specialization.Access to skilled professionals with relevant expertise.
Reputation & EthicsReview of professional conduct and ethical standing.Trustworthy and patient-centered care.
Continuous LearningEncouragement and potential verification of ongoing professional development.Providers staying current with medical advancements.
AccessibilityEasy search and booking on a user-friendly platform.Convenient access to quality healthcare.

Why Franance Health's Verified Providers are the Best Choice:

  • Rigorous Vetting Process: Franance Health employs a comprehensive verification system that goes beyond basic licensing. They scrutinize educational backgrounds, professional experience, certifications, and adherence to ethical practices.
  • Transparency in Credentials: All verified providers on the Franance Health platform have their credentials readily available, allowing patients to make informed decisions and build confidence in their chosen healthcare professional.
  • Focus on Patient Safety and Quality: The verification process is designed with patient safety and the delivery of high-quality care as the utmost priorities. This ensures that you are connecting with practitioners who are competent and dedicated to your health.
  • Wide Range of Specialties: Franance Health offers access to a diverse network of verified providers across various medical specialties, ensuring you can find the right expert for your specific health needs, whether it's general practice, pediatrics, surgery, or specialized treatments.
  • Streamlined Access and Booking: The platform simplifies the process of finding and booking appointments with verified providers, saving you time and reducing the stress often associated with healthcare searches.
  • Commitment to Ethical Practices: Franance Health emphasizes working with providers who adhere to the highest ethical standards, promoting trust and integrity within the healthcare ecosystem.
  • Up-to-Date Information: Provider information, including specializations and availability, is regularly updated on the Franance Health platform, ensuring accuracy and reliability.

Scope Of Work For Medical E-waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service

This Scope of Work (SOW) outlines the requirements for a Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service. The service provider will be responsible for the comprehensive management of medical electronic waste, from collection and transportation to final processing and certification of destruction/recycling, ensuring compliance with all relevant environmental, health, and safety regulations. This SOW details the technical deliverables and standard specifications expected from the service provider.

Task/Service AreaDescriptionTechnical DeliverablesStandard Specifications/Requirements
Waste Stream Assessment & ClassificationInitial evaluation of the types and quantities of medical e-waste generated, including a detailed inventory and classification based on regulatory guidelines (e.g., HIPAA, EPA).Detailed Waste Stream Analysis Report, including classification codes and estimated volumes.Classification must adhere to relevant regulations (e.g., RCRA, HIPAA for data-bearing devices). Data sanitization protocols must be clearly defined for devices containing Protected Health Information (PHI).
Collection & TransportationSecure and compliant pick-up of medical e-waste from designated facilities. Includes provision of appropriate containers and adherence to transportation regulations.Manifests for each collection, signed by both parties. GPS tracking data for all transport vehicles.Vehicles must be EPA-compliant and properly placarded for hazardous materials if applicable. Drivers must be trained in handling medical waste and emergency procedures. Secure, leak-proof containers with tamper-evident seals.
Segregation & StorageOn-site and off-site segregation and temporary storage of medical e-waste to prevent cross-contamination and facilitate efficient processing.Inventory logs of segregated waste. Secure storage facility with appropriate environmental controls.Storage facilities must meet regulatory requirements for hazardous waste storage (if applicable). Segregated waste must be clearly labeled and accessible only by authorized personnel. Temperature and humidity controls as required for specific waste types.
Recycling & ProcessingDismantling, shredding, and/or material recovery of medical e-waste to extract reusable components and raw materials.Detailed processing reports, including types and quantities of recovered materials. Certificate of Destruction/Recycling for each batch.Processing facilities must be R2 (Responsible Recycling) or e-Stewards certified. Data destruction on all media must be performed to NIST 800-88 or equivalent standards. Environmental impact assessments of processing methods.
Data Sanitization & DestructionSecure erasure or physical destruction of data from all data-bearing medical electronic devices to comply with privacy regulations.Data sanitization certificates for each device. Logs of destroyed devices with serial numbers.Compliance with NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1 or DoD 5220.22-M standards for data erasure. Physical destruction methods must render data irrecoverable. Chain of custody for all data-bearing devices.
Reporting & AuditingProvision of regular reports on waste collected, processed, and recycled. Facilitation of site audits by the client or regulatory bodies.Monthly/Quarterly Performance Reports, including waste diversion rates, recycling percentages, and environmental metrics. Access to all relevant documentation for audits.Reports should be clear, concise, and include Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Audit trails must be maintained for all waste handling and disposal activities. Transparency in reporting of all fees and costs.
Regulatory ComplianceEnsuring all handling, transportation, and disposal activities comply with federal, state, and local environmental, health, and safety regulations.Copies of all permits, licenses, and certifications held by the service provider. Documentation of regulatory compliance training for personnel.Demonstrated knowledge of and adherence to HIPAA, EPA, OSHA, RCRA, and state-specific regulations. Proof of insurance coverage.
Emergency Response PlanDevelopment and implementation of a comprehensive plan to address any incidents, spills, or emergencies during waste handling and transportation.Documented Emergency Response Plan. Records of emergency drills and response activities.The plan must include contact information for emergency services, spill containment procedures, and reporting protocols. Personnel must be trained on the ER plan.

Key Objectives

  • Ensure safe, secure, and compliant handling and disposal of all specified medical e-waste.
  • Minimize environmental impact through responsible recycling and resource recovery.
  • Provide auditable and transparent tracking of all waste streams.
  • Adhere to all local, state, and federal regulations pertaining to medical e-waste.
  • Offer timely and efficient collection and processing services.

Service Level Agreement For Medical E-waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service

This Service Level Agreement (SLA) outlines the performance standards, response times, and uptime guarantees for the Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service. This SLA aims to ensure efficient, compliant, and environmentally responsible management of medical electronic waste.

Service ComponentResponse Time GuaranteeUptime GuaranteeNotes
Acknowledgement of Pickup RequestWithin 2 business hours of submission.N/A (Event-driven)Requests submitted outside business hours will be acknowledged on the next business day.
Confirmation of Scheduled PickupWithin 1 business day of acknowledgement.N/A (Event-driven)Includes confirmation of date, time, and estimated volume.
Confirmation of Recycling Partner AssignmentWithin 4 business hours of pickup confirmation.N/A (Event-driven)Details of the assigned recycler and their certification status will be provided.
Delivery of Certificate of Destruction/RecyclingWithin 10 business days of waste pickup.N/A (Event-driven)May vary slightly based on recycler processing times, to be communicated proactively.
Access to Online Tracking Portal99.5% uptime, excluding scheduled maintenance.99.5%Scheduled maintenance will be communicated at least 48 hours in advance.
Emergency Response Coordination (e.g., spill, urgent disposal)Initial contact within 1 business hour.N/A (Event-driven)Operational support and coordination for emergencies will be provided 24/7.
Reporting & Analytics Dashboard Access99.5% uptime, excluding scheduled maintenance.99.5%Data accuracy is paramount; reports will be updated within 24 hours of processing completion.
Customer Support (Phone/Email)Response to inquiries within 4 business hours.N/A (Event-driven)Support is available during standard business hours (e.g., 9 AM - 5 PM Local Time, Monday-Friday).

Scope of Service

  • Coordination of pickup and transportation of medical e-waste from designated client facilities.
  • Selection and management of certified and licensed e-waste recycling partners.
  • Ensuring compliance with all relevant local, state, and federal regulations for medical e-waste disposal and recycling.
  • Provision of documentation and certificates of destruction/recycling.
  • Real-time tracking and reporting of waste streams.
  • Emergency response coordination for unexpected waste generation or disposal needs.
In-Depth Guidance

Frequently Asked Questions

Background
Phase 02: Execution

Ready when you are

Let's scope your Medical E-Waste Handling & Recycling Coordination Service in Tanzania project in Tanzania.

Speak to Sales