
Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/Doors/Windows) in South Africa
Engineering Excellence & Technical Support
Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/Doors/Windows) High-standard technical execution following OEM protocols and local regulatory frameworks.
Certified Radiation Shielding Compliance
We adhere strictly to South African SANS standards for lead lining installation, ensuring optimal radiation attenuation for medical, industrial, and research facilities. Our certified technicians guarantee precise material application and seamless integration for robust safety and compliance.
Precision Custom Fabrication & Fit
Leveraging advanced fabrication techniques, we provide custom-cut lead sheeting and pre-fabricated panels for walls, doors, and window frames. Our meticulous installation process ensures a perfect, gap-free seal, maximizing shielding effectiveness and minimizing installation time.
Integrated Building & Safety Solutions
Our lead lining services are seamlessly integrated with existing building structures, offering comprehensive radiation protection without compromising architectural aesthetics or functionality. We offer site-specific assessments and tailored solutions for new builds and retrofits across South Africa.
What Is Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/doors/windows) In South Africa?
Lead lining installation is a specialized construction service focused on integrating lead sheeting into building structures, primarily walls, doors, and windows. The purpose of this service is to provide effective radiation shielding, attenuating gamma rays and X-rays. This is achieved by leveraging lead's high atomic number and density, which facilitates the absorption of ionizing radiation. The installation process involves precise cutting, fitting, and securing of lead sheets, often in conjunction with a substrate material (e.g., plasterboard, plywood, or specialized lead-lined panels). Proper jointing and sealing are critical to prevent radiation leakage. The service extends to the installation of lead-lined doors and windows, which incorporate lead shielding within their frames and sashes, ensuring a continuous barrier.
This service is required by entities and facilities where the generation or use of ionizing radiation necessitates strict safety protocols and compliance with radiation protection regulations. The primary objective is to protect personnel and the public from harmful radiation exposure by creating shielded environments. Accurate attenuation calculations, based on the energy spectrum and intensity of the radiation source, dictate the required lead thickness and overall shielding design.
| Who Needs Lead Lining Installation? | Typical Use Cases/Applications | Purpose | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical Facilities (Hospitals, Clinics, Diagnostic Centers) | Radiology departments (X-ray rooms, CT scan suites, fluoroscopy rooms) | Radiation therapy bunkers (Linear accelerators, brachytherapy rooms) | Nuclear medicine departments (PET scan rooms) | Dental radiography rooms | Protecting staff, patients, and the public from medical diagnostic and therapeutic radiation. |
| Industrial Facilities | Non-destructive testing (NDT) facilities | Radiographic inspection bays | Particle accelerator facilities | Research laboratories utilizing radioactive isotopes | Preventing radiation leakage from industrial imaging and testing processes, and research applications. |
| Research and Academic Institutions | Physics laboratories | Materials science research facilities | University medical schools with research components | Ensuring safe research environments involving radiation sources. | |
| Government and Military Facilities | Nuclear facilities (e.g., for research or power generation control rooms) | Certain security screening areas | Specialized defense applications | Protecting personnel in environments with potential radiation hazards. |
Key Components of Lead Lining Installation Service
- Site assessment and radiation hazard evaluation
- Calculation of required lead shielding thickness (in mmPb or lead equivalent)
- Procurement and fabrication of lead sheeting and lead-lined components
- Installation of lead sheeting to walls, floors, and ceilings
- Integration of lead-lined doors, including frames and hardware
- Installation of lead-lined windows and viewports
- Sealing of all joints and penetrations to ensure radiation integrity
- Quality assurance and radiation protection compliance verification
Who Needs Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/doors/windows) In South Africa?
Lead lining installation services for walls, doors, and windows are crucial in South Africa for facilities that handle radioactive materials or generate ionizing radiation. These services are designed to provide effective shielding, protecting individuals and the environment from harmful radiation exposure. The primary need for such installations arises in sectors where safety regulations mandate stringent radiation protection measures.
| Target Customer Type | Key Departments/Areas Needing Lead Lining |
|---|---|
| Hospitals | Radiology Departments (X-ray, CT), Radiation Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, Interventional Cardiology |
| Clinics | Radiology Suites, Specialist Procedure Rooms |
| Universities & Research Institutes | Physics Departments, Nuclear Engineering, Medical Research Labs, Materials Science |
| Industrial Companies | Quality Control/NDT Labs, Radiography Services, Manufacturing Areas with Radiation Sources |
| Government Agencies | Defense Labs, Emergency Management Agencies, Scientific Research Facilities |
| Veterinary Practices | Diagnostic Imaging Suites |
Target Customers and Departments in South Africa Requiring Lead Lining Installation Services:
- {"title":"Healthcare Facilities","description":"Hospitals and clinics are major users of X-ray machines, CT scanners, linear accelerators, and nuclear medicine departments. Lead lining is essential for radiation therapy rooms, diagnostic imaging suites, and areas where radioactive isotopes are used or stored."}
- {"title":"Research and Development Institutions","description":"Universities and private research labs often utilize particle accelerators, research reactors, and other equipment that produce ionizing radiation for scientific experiments and material analysis."}
- {"title":"Industrial Applications","description":"Industries involved in non-destructive testing (NDT) using X-rays or gamma rays, radiography services, and specialized manufacturing processes that involve radiation require shielded environments."}
- {"title":"Government and Defense Sectors","description":"Military installations, government laboratories dealing with nuclear materials, and emergency response units that may handle radioactive sources will require specialized lead shielding."}
- {"title":"Veterinary Clinics","description":"Larger veterinary hospitals that have X-ray or CT scanning equipment for animal diagnostics also need appropriate radiation shielding."}
- {"title":"Manufacturing of Radiation-Generating Equipment","description":"Companies that manufacture X-ray machines, CT scanners, and other radiation-producing equipment may require lead lining in their testing or demonstration facilities."}
Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/doors/windows) Process In South Africa
This document outlines the typical workflow for lead lining installation services for walls, doors, and windows in South Africa, covering the process from initial customer inquiry to project completion. This service is crucial for radiation shielding in medical facilities, research laboratories, and other environments requiring protection from X-rays and gamma rays.
| Stage | Description | Key Activities | Typical Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inquiry & Consultation | Initial contact and needs assessment. | Phone/email communication, preliminary discussion of requirements. | 1-3 Business Days |
| Site Assessment & Measurement | On-site evaluation and detailed measurements. | Site visit, accurate dimensional surveys, assessment of site conditions. | 1-5 Business Days (depending on project complexity) |
| Quotation & Proposal | Providing a detailed cost estimate and scope of work. | Calculating material and labor costs, drafting proposal document. | 2-7 Business Days |
| Contract Agreement & Deposit | Formalizing the agreement and securing the project. | Contract negotiation and signing, payment of initial deposit. | 1-3 Business Days |
| Material Procurement | Ordering and acquiring necessary lead materials. | Sourcing lead sheeting, frames, glass, etc., from suppliers. | 1-4 Weeks (depending on lead availability and customization) |
| Pre-installation Preparation | Preparing the work area for installation. | Clearing space, protecting adjacent areas, surface preparation. | 1-3 Business Days |
| Lead Lining Installation | The physical installation of lead shielding. | Fitting lead sheeting, lead-lined doors, or leaded glass. | Varies greatly based on project size and complexity (days to weeks) |
| Sealing & Finishing | Ensuring complete shielding and aesthetic integration. | Sealing joints, patching, painting, or other finishing work. | 1-5 Business Days |
| Quality Control & Inspection | Verifying the quality and effectiveness of the installation. | Visual checks, thickness verification, potential radiation surveys. | 1-3 Business Days |
| Final Inspection & Handover | Client review, final adjustments, and project completion. | Walkthrough with client, addressing concerns, final payment processing. | 1-2 Business Days |
| Documentation & Certification | Providing project records and compliance documents. | Issuing reports, material certifications, and shielding certificates. | 2-5 Business Days |
Lead Lining Installation Service Workflow
- 1. Inquiry & Consultation: The process begins with a potential client contacting the lead lining service provider. This can be via phone, email, or through a website contact form. The initial consultation aims to understand the client's specific needs, including the type of facility, the area(s) to be shielded (walls, doors, windows), the required lead thickness, and any specific regulatory requirements.
- 2. Site Assessment & Measurement: Once the initial consultation is complete and the client expresses interest, a site visit is scheduled. During the site assessment, trained technicians will meticulously measure the dimensions of the walls, doors, and windows to be lined. They will also assess the existing structures, identify any potential challenges (e.g., accessibility, existing electrical or plumbing services), and confirm the lead thickness requirements based on the facility's intended use and radiation levels.
- 3. Quotation & Proposal: Based on the site assessment, measurements, and confirmed specifications (including lead thickness, area to be covered, and complexity of the installation), the service provider will prepare a detailed quotation and proposal. This document will outline the scope of work, materials to be used (e.g., lead sheeting, lead-lined frames, leaded glass), estimated costs, project timeline, and payment terms. It's important for the client to review this thoroughly.
- 4. Contract Agreement & Deposit: Upon acceptance of the quotation and proposal, a formal contract will be drawn up and signed by both parties. Typically, an initial deposit will be required at this stage to secure the booking and commence material procurement and project planning.
- 5. Material Procurement: With the contract in place, the service provider will order the necessary lead sheeting, lead-lined door frames, leaded glass (if applicable), and any other required accessories. Sourcing high-quality lead that meets South African standards is paramount.
- 6. Pre-installation Preparation: Before the actual lead lining begins, the installation area will be prepared. This may involve clearing the space, protecting surrounding areas from dust and debris, and ensuring safe access for the installation team. For walls, this might involve preparing the surface. For doors and windows, it could mean preparing the existing frames or installing new lead-lined frames.
- 7. Lead Sheeting Installation (Walls): For walls, lead sheeting is carefully cut to size and meticulously affixed to the structural surfaces. This is often done using specialized adhesives and mechanical fasteners to ensure a seamless and secure fit, eliminating any gaps that could compromise radiation shielding effectiveness. The lead thickness is precisely adhered to.
- 8. Lead Lining of Doors: Lead-lined doors involve integrating lead sheeting into the door core or manufacturing entirely new lead-lined doors. This process ensures that the entire door assembly provides the necessary shielding. This may also involve installing lead-lined frames around the door opening.
- 9. Leaded Glass Installation (Windows): For windows, leaded glass is installed. This specialized glass contains lead oxide to provide radiation shielding. The installation involves fitting the leaded glass into existing or specially designed lead-lined window frames, ensuring a tight seal to prevent radiation leakage.
- 10. Sealing & Finishing: Once the lead is in place, all edges and joints are meticulously sealed to create a continuous barrier against radiation. This is a critical step to prevent any potential leakage. The surrounding areas are then finished to match the existing aesthetics of the room, which might include drywall repair, painting, or other finishing touches.
- 11. Quality Control & Inspection: Throughout the installation process and upon completion, rigorous quality control checks are performed. This includes verifying the correct lead thickness, ensuring no gaps or voids, and confirming the structural integrity of the installation. Independent radiation surveys might be conducted by a qualified physicist to certify the effectiveness of the shielding.
- 12. Final Inspection & Handover: A final inspection is conducted with the client to ensure satisfaction with the completed work. Any minor adjustments are made. Once approved, the project is formally handed over, and the final payment is processed.
- 13. Documentation & Certification: The service provider will supply the client with all relevant documentation, which may include installation reports, material certifications, and a certificate of compliance or a radiation shielding certification, depending on the project's regulatory requirements.
Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/doors/windows) Cost In South Africa
Lead lining is a crucial service for environments requiring effective radiation shielding, such as medical facilities (X-ray rooms, CT scan suites), research laboratories, and industrial radiography areas. The cost of lead lining installation in South Africa is influenced by several key factors, leading to a variable price range. It's essential to understand these components to accurately budget for such a project.
| Service Component | Estimated Range (ZAR per m²) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Lead Sheet Material (per mm thickness) | R1,500 - R3,500+ | Price varies significantly with lead thickness and market fluctuations. |
| Installation Labour (per m²) | R1,000 - R2,500+ | Depends on complexity, lead thickness, and installer experience. Higher thickness often requires more labour. |
| Framing & Support Materials (per m²) | R300 - R800 | For internal structures and to support the lead panels. |
| Finishing Materials (per m²) | R200 - R700 | e.g., plasterboard, specialized finishes. |
| Complete Wall Lead Lining (e.g., 2mm lead) | R3,000 - R6,500+ | This is a broad estimate and can increase with thicker lead and complex installations. |
| Lead Lined Doors (Supply & Installation) | R15,000 - R40,000+ | Price depends on door size, lead thickness, hardware, and frame requirements. |
| Lead Lined Windows (Supply & Installation) | R10,000 - R30,000+ | Dependent on window size, leaded glass (e.g., leaded acrylic), and frame. |
Key Pricing Factors for Lead Lining Installation:
- {"title":"Area and Thickness of Lead Required","description":"The total square meterage of walls, doors, and windows needing lead lining directly impacts material and labour costs. The required thickness of the lead (measured in millimeters, mm) is determined by the type and intensity of radiation to be shielded. Higher thicknesses mean more lead material and often more complex installation procedures, thus increasing the overall cost."}
- {"title":"Complexity of the Installation Area","description":"Irregularly shaped rooms, areas with numerous penetrations (pipes, conduits, ventilation), and existing structural limitations can complicate the installation process. This often requires more custom cutting, fitting, and sealing, leading to higher labour charges."}
- {"title":"Type and Condition of Existing Structures","description":"The material and structural integrity of the existing walls, doors, and windows will affect how the lead is attached and supported. Installing lead lining on drywall might be different (and potentially less expensive) than on concrete or brick. Reinforcement might be needed, adding to the cost."}
- {"title":"Lead Material Quality and Sourcing","description":"While lead is a standard material, slight variations in purity and sourcing can influence price. Reputable suppliers with certified lead sheets are generally preferred for safety and effectiveness, which might reflect in the cost."}
- {"title":"Labour Costs and Expertise","description":"Specialized knowledge and trained personnel are required for safe and effective lead lining installation. The hourly rates of skilled installers, their experience, and the duration of the project will be a significant component of the total cost. South African labour rates vary by region and the specialization of the tradespeople."}
- {"title":"Associated Materials and Finishing","description":"Beyond the lead sheets, other materials are needed, such as timber or metal framing for support, adhesives, sealants, and protective coverings. The type of finishing required (e.g., standard plasterboard, specialized radiation-shielding finishes) will also add to the expense."}
- {"title":"Project Management and Site Preparation","description":"Costs associated with project planning, site assessment, safety compliance, waste disposal (if old materials are removed), and general site preparation are also factored in."}
- {"title":"Geographical Location","description":"While not always a primary driver, transportation costs for materials and the availability of specialized labour in specific regions of South Africa can sometimes influence the final quote."}
Affordable Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/doors/windows) Options
Protect your home or business from harmful radiation with our affordable lead lining installation services. We specialize in lead lining for walls, doors, and windows, ensuring optimal shielding for medical facilities, laboratories, and any space requiring radiation protection. Our commitment is to provide high-quality lead lining at competitive prices, offering various options to suit your budget and specific needs. We understand that cost is a significant factor, which is why we've developed value bundles and implemented cost-saving strategies to make essential radiation shielding accessible.
| Value Bundle | Description | Key Features | Estimated Cost Savings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic Shielding Package | Ideal for smaller projects or areas with moderate radiation concerns. | Standard lead thickness (e.g., 1/16" or 1/8"), single-layer wall lining, basic door reinforcement. | Up to 10% off individual service costs. |
| Comprehensive Protection Package | Designed for medical facilities, labs, or areas requiring higher levels of shielding. | Thicker lead options (e.g., 1/4"), multi-layer wall lining, fully lead-lined doors, leaded glass windows. | Up to 15% off individual service costs, plus bundled material discounts. |
| Custom Shielding Solutions | Tailored to unique project requirements, offering flexibility and optimized protection. | Personalized lead thickness, bespoke door and window solutions, specialized wall configurations. | Cost-effectiveness achieved through precise material calculation and expert design. |
Our Affordable Lead Lining Services Include:
- Wall Lead Lining: Professional installation of lead sheets and panels to create effective radiation barriers in any room.
- Door Lead Lining: Custom-fitting lead-lined doors to ensure complete containment of radiation.
- Window Lead Lining: Installation of leaded glass or leaded acrylic windows for safe viewing and light penetration.
- Consultation & Assessment: Expert advice to determine the right shielding thickness and material for your specific application.
- Material Sourcing: Access to high-quality lead sheeting and associated materials at competitive prices.
- Professional Installation: Experienced technicians ensuring a precise and secure lead lining application.
- Compliance & Safety: Adherence to all relevant safety regulations and building codes.
Verified Providers In South Africa
In South Africa's evolving healthcare landscape, the integrity and reliability of healthcare providers are paramount. Patients seek assurance that they are receiving care from qualified and reputable professionals. Verified providers offer this crucial peace of mind, and among them, Franance Health stands out for its rigorous credentialing process and commitment to excellence. This document outlines the importance of verified providers and details why Franance Health's credentials position them as the optimal choice for healthcare needs in South Africa.
| Franance Health Credentialing Aspect | Description | Benefit to Patients |
|---|---|---|
| Professional Registration Verification | Thorough checking of all practitioners' registration status with relevant South African professional councils (e.g., HPCSA, SANC). | Guarantees practitioners are licensed and authorized to practice, adhering to professional standards and regulations. |
| Academic Qualification Validation | Verification of all degrees, diplomas, and certifications from accredited institutions. | Confirms that practitioners possess the foundational knowledge and expertise required for their specialized fields. |
| Experience and Competency Assessment | Review of practice history, peer references, and in some cases, practical skill assessments. | Ensures practitioners have a proven track record and the practical skills to deliver effective and safe patient care. |
| Criminal Background Checks | Comprehensive checks to ensure no criminal history that could compromise patient safety or trust. | Provides an additional layer of security, assuring patients that their healthcare providers are trustworthy and law-abiding. |
| Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Monitoring | Ensures practitioners are actively engaged in ongoing learning and skill enhancement to stay current with medical advancements. | Means patients receive care informed by the latest research, techniques, and best practices in medicine. |
| Adherence to Ethical Standards | Confirmation of commitment to a strict code of ethics and professional conduct. | Upholds patient rights, privacy, and dignity, fostering a respectful and trustworthy patient-provider relationship. |
Why Verified Providers Matter in South Africa
- Ensures patient safety and quality of care.
- Combats fraudulent or unqualified practitioners.
- Promotes accountability and ethical conduct.
- Facilitates informed patient decision-making.
- Strengthens trust in the healthcare system.
Scope Of Work For Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/doors/windows)
This Scope of Work (SOW) outlines the requirements for the professional installation of lead lining services for walls, doors, and windows. The objective is to achieve a specified level of radiation shielding according to relevant industry standards and regulations. This document details the technical deliverables, standard specifications, and quality assurance measures to be adhered to throughout the project. The service includes the assessment of existing structures, material procurement, precise fabrication and installation of lead sheeting, sealing, and final inspection to ensure full compliance and integrity of the shielded environment.
| Category | Description | Standard Specifications / Deliverables | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Site Assessment | Evaluation of existing wall, door, and window structures for suitability and measurement of areas requiring lead lining. | Detailed site survey report including measurements, structural assessments, and recommendations for lead thickness based on radiation type and energy levels. Compliance with local building codes and radiation safety regulations. | Requires access to the project site and relevant architectural drawings. |
| Materials | Procurement of high-purity lead sheeting and associated fasteners/adhesives. | Lead sheeting to conform to ASTM B29 (Standard Specification for Pig Lead) or equivalent. Minimum lead purity of 99.9%. All materials to be certified for radiation shielding. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all lead products. | Supplier's certification of lead purity and quality. |
| Lead Thickness | Determination and implementation of required lead thickness for effective radiation shielding. | Lead thickness to be specified in millimeters (mm) or lead equivalency (Pb-eq) based on radiation survey results and regulatory requirements (e.g., NCRP, IEC standards). | Must be clearly documented in the project plan. |
| Wall Lining Installation | Application of lead sheeting to wall surfaces. | Seamless coverage of designated wall areas with minimal gaps. Lead sheeting to be securely fastened using appropriate methods (e.g., mechanical fasteners, adhesives) to prevent dislodgement. Joints between lead sheets to be overlapped or sealed to maintain shielding integrity. | Visual inspection for full coverage and secure fastening. |
| Door Lining Installation | Incorporation of lead sheeting into door assemblies. | Lead lining to be integrated into existing or new door frames and door slabs. Overlap of lead at door edges and frame to ensure continuous shielding. Use of lead-lined vision panels (if applicable) with proper sealing. | Verification of radiation attenuation through the entire door assembly. |
| Window Lining Installation | Installation of lead-lined glass or lead sheeting around window openings. | Use of leaded glass with specified lead equivalency or lead sheeting integrated into window frames and sills. Proper sealing to prevent radiation leakage. Integration with surrounding wall lining. | Testing for radiation leakage around the window perimeter. |
| Sealing and Finishing | Ensuring airtight and radiation-tight seals throughout the installation. | Use of radiation-shielding sealants at all joints, seams, and penetrations. Surfaces to be finished in accordance with client specifications and aesthetic requirements, while maintaining shielding integrity. | Visual inspection of all seals. |
| Quality Assurance | Inspection and testing to verify the integrity and effectiveness of the lead lining. | Post-installation radiation survey conducted by a qualified health physicist to confirm shielding effectiveness. Dimensional checks to ensure compliance with drawings. Final inspection report. | Independent third-party radiation survey is recommended. |
| Documentation | Provision of all relevant project documentation. | As-built drawings showing lead lining locations and thicknesses. Material certifications. Installation method statements. Quality control reports. Final radiation survey report. | All documentation to be provided in electronic and hard copy formats. |
| Safety | Adherence to all relevant health and safety regulations during the installation process. | Implementation of a comprehensive site-specific safety plan, including procedures for handling lead, dust control, personal protective equipment (PPE), and waste disposal. Compliance with OSHA or equivalent safety standards. | Regular safety audits and toolbox talks. |
Project Phases and Key Activities
- Site Assessment and Survey
- Material Procurement and Quality Control
- Lead Lining Fabrication
- Installation of Lead Sheeting (Walls, Doors, Windows)
- Sealing and Finishing
- Quality Assurance and Testing
- Project Closeout and Documentation
Service Level Agreement For Lead Lining Installation Service (Walls/doors/windows)
This Service Level Agreement (SLA) outlines the response times and uptime guarantees for the Lead Lining Installation Service provided by [Your Company Name] for walls, doors, and windows. This SLA is effective as of [Start Date] and will remain in effect until [End Date], unless terminated earlier as per the terms of the governing contract.
| Service Metric | Target Performance | Measurement Unit | Remedy for Non-Compliance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Service Availability | 99.5% | Monthly Percentage | A credit of 5% of the monthly service fee for each full 0.1% below the target availability. |
| Response Time - Urgent Request | 2 Business Hours | Hours from initial contact | Expedited scheduling priority for the next available slot, potentially with overtime rates as per the governing contract. |
| Response Time - Standard Request | 8 Business Hours | Hours from initial contact | A credit of $50 applied to the next invoice. |
| Installation Commencement (Post-Scheduling) | Within 5 Business Days of confirmed scheduling (Standard Request) | Business Days | A credit of 10% of the estimated installation cost for each full day of delay beyond the agreed commencement date. |
| Installation Commencement (Post-Scheduling) | Within 2 Business Days of confirmed scheduling (Urgent Request) | Business Days | A credit of 15% of the estimated installation cost for each full day of delay beyond the agreed commencement date, and immediate re-assessment of the project timeline. |
Key Definitions
- Service Availability: The percentage of time the Lead Lining Installation Service is operational and accessible to the Client for scheduling and deployment.
- Downtime: Any period during which the Lead Lining Installation Service is unavailable or non-operational, preventing the Client from scheduling or commencing installation work.
- Response Time: The maximum time allowed for [Your Company Name] to acknowledge and begin addressing a Client's request for lead lining installation.
- Urgent Request: A lead lining installation request deemed critical due to immediate health risks, regulatory compliance deadlines, or project delays caused by unforeseen circumstances, as mutually agreed upon by both parties.
- Standard Request: Any lead lining installation request that does not meet the criteria for an Urgent Request.
- Service Hours: [Specify your company's operating hours, e.g., Monday to Friday, 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM Local Time, excluding public holidays].
Frequently Asked Questions

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