
Histopathology & Cytology in Lesotho
Engineering Excellence & Technical Support
Histopathology & Cytology solutions for Clinical & Diagnostic Labs. High-standard technical execution following OEM protocols and local regulatory frameworks.
Enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy through Advanced Histopathology
Implementing state-of-the-art histopathology techniques and training local pathologists in advanced diagnostic interpretation to improve the accuracy of cancer and disease diagnosis in Lesotho.
Expanding Cytology Screening for Early Detection
Establishing and scaling up robust cytology screening programs, particularly for cervical cancer, leveraging mobile units and improved laboratory infrastructure to reach underserved populations across Lesotho.
Building Local Capacity in Histopathology & Cytology Laboratories
Investing in modern laboratory equipment and comprehensive training for technicians and scientists in Lesotho to establish self-sufficient and high-quality histopathology and cytology diagnostic services nationwide.
What Is Histopathology & Cytology In Lesotho?
Histopathology and Cytology are crucial diagnostic services in Lesotho, playing a vital role in the identification and characterization of diseases, particularly at the cellular and tissue levels. Histopathology involves the microscopic examination of excised tissues (biopsies or surgical specimens) to diagnose conditions such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, and infectious agents. Cytology, on the other hand, focuses on the examination of individual cells or small clusters of cells exfoliated or collected from bodily fluids (e.g., urine, sputum, cervical smears) or fine-needle aspirations, primarily for detecting malignancies, precancerous lesions, and infections.
| Who Needs Histopathology & Cytology? | Typical Use Cases in Lesotho | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oncology Patients: Individuals suspected of or diagnosed with any form of cancer (e.g., breast, cervical, prostate, lung, lymphomas, leukemias). | Cancer Screening: Cervical cancer screening (Pap smears) is a critical public health initiative in Lesotho to detect precancerous lesions and early-stage cervical cancer, a prevalent malignancy. | Diagnostic Workup of Suspicious Lesions: Biopsies of skin lesions, lumps in the breast or lymph nodes, or gastrointestinal polyps. | Monitoring Treatment Response: Assessing the effectiveness of chemotherapy or radiation therapy in certain cancers. | Investigating Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in tissue biopsies, parasitic infections, and various forms of inflammation. | Evaluation of Organ Dysfunction: Biopsies of kidneys (nephritis), liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis), or other organs to determine the cause and extent of damage. | Post-mortem Examination (Autopsy): While less common for routine diagnosis, it can be used to determine the cause of death and identify underlying disease processes. | Pre-operative Diagnosis: Providing a definitive diagnosis before surgical intervention to guide surgical management. | Monitoring of Chronic Conditions: Evaluating the progression or regression of certain chronic diseases. |
Key Aspects of Histopathology & Cytology Services in Lesotho:
- Specimen Acquisition: This encompasses the collection of appropriate tissue biopsies (e.g., incisional, excisional, core needle) or cytological samples (e.g., Papanicolaou smears, fine-needle aspirates, pleural effusions).
- Tissue Processing (Histopathology): Involves fixation, embedding in paraffin wax, sectioning into thin slices, and staining (commonly with Hematoxylin and Eosin - H&E) to render cellular and tissue structures visible under a microscope.
- Cellular Preparation (Cytology): Includes methods like smearing, centrifugation, and liquid-based cytology to concentrate and prepare cellular material for microscopic examination.
- Microscopic Examination: Performed by trained pathologists and cytotechnologists who analyze the morphology of cells and tissues for abnormalities, including cellular atypia, nuclear features, architectural disarray, and the presence of pathogens.
- Diagnostic Reporting: Comprehensive reports are generated, detailing macroscopic findings, microscopic observations, and a definitive diagnosis or differential diagnoses, guiding subsequent patient management.
- Quality Assurance: Essential for ensuring accuracy and reliability, involving standardized protocols, proficiency testing, and inter-observer concordance studies.
- Special Stains and Ancillary Techniques: May be employed for specific diagnostic purposes, such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) for tumor marker identification, special stains for microorganisms, or molecular testing.
Who Needs Histopathology & Cytology In Lesotho?
Histopathology and cytology services are crucial for accurate disease diagnosis and patient management in Lesotho. These specialized diagnostic techniques are essential for identifying a wide range of conditions, particularly cancers and infectious diseases, which have a significant burden in the country. By providing detailed cellular and tissue-level analysis, these services enable clinicians to make informed treatment decisions, monitor disease progression, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Their presence is vital for a comprehensive healthcare system that aims to deliver high-quality diagnostic care to the population of Lesotho.
| Target Customer Group | Key Departments/Services Requiring Histopathology & Cytology | Specific Needs Addressed |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Healthcare Facilities | General Practice | Screening for precancerous conditions (e.g., Pap smears), initial diagnosis of superficial lesions. |
| District Hospitals | Surgery | Diagnosis of surgical specimens (e.g., biopsies, resections), confirmation of infections, identification of benign vs. malignant tumors. |
| District Hospitals | Internal Medicine | Diagnosis of organ biopsies (e.g., kidney, liver), identification of inflammatory and infectious diseases. |
| Tertiary Hospitals | Oncology Department | Definitive diagnosis and staging of cancers, guiding chemotherapy and radiotherapy decisions, monitoring treatment response. |
| Tertiary Hospitals | Pathology Department (Histopathology & Cytology Labs) | Core diagnostic service, processing and analyzing all tissue and cell samples, providing expert consultation. |
| Tertiary Hospitals | Gynecology/Obstetrics | Diagnosis of cervical abnormalities (Pap smears), evaluation of gynecological tumors, prenatal diagnostics (if applicable). |
| Tertiary Hospitals | Dermatology | Diagnosis of skin lesions, differentiating between benign moles, precancerous conditions, and skin cancers. |
| Tertiary Hospitals | Pulmonology | Diagnosis of lung nodules and masses, identifying infections like tuberculosis. |
| Tertiary Hospitals | Urology | Diagnosis of prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and other genitourinary malignancies. |
| Specialized Clinics (Oncology) | Medical Oncologists, Radiation Oncologists, Surgical Oncologists | Accurate diagnosis and grading of tumors, determining treatment protocols, prognosis assessment. |
| Specialized Clinics (Infectious Diseases) | Infectious Disease Specialists | Identification of causative agents in chronic or difficult-to-diagnose infections (e.g., tissue biopsies in TB, parasitic infections). |
| Research Institutions | Researchers, Academics | Providing tissue and cell samples for research studies, drug development, epidemiological studies on local disease patterns. |
Who Needs Histopathology & Cytology in Lesotho? - Target Customers and Departments
- Primary Healthcare Facilities (Clinics and Health Centres)
- District Hospitals
- Tertiary Hospitals (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Maseru)
- Specialized Clinics (e.g., Oncology, Infectious Diseases)
- Research Institutions
Histopathology & Cytology Process In Lesotho
This outlines the typical histopathology and cytology workflow in Lesotho, from initial inquiry to the final report. The process involves multiple steps, requiring coordination between healthcare facilities, laboratories, and clinicians.
| Stage | Key Activities | Responsible Party | Potential Challenges in Lesotho | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specimen Collection & Referral | Collection, labelling, fixation, referral form completion, transport. | Healthcare worker at clinic/hospital, Patient (for some collection). | Lack of standardized collection kits, inadequate training, unreliable transport services, long distances to laboratories, insufficient clinical information provided. | Laboratory Staff | Specimen reception, logging, verification, grossing, processing, sectioning, staining. | Pathologist, Histotechnologist, Cytotechnologist. | Limited availability of qualified personnel, equipment malfunctions, reagent shortages, inconsistent power supply, limited specialized stains. | Microscopic Examination & Diagnosis | Slide review, interpretation, diagnosis formulation. | Pathologist, Cytopathologist. | Overburdened workload, lack of access to expert consultation, outdated diagnostic criteria. | Reporting & Communication | Report generation, review, signing, dispatch, clinician interpretation. | Pathologist, Laboratory Administration, Clinician. | Delayed reporting due to workload or logistical issues, poor report clarity, challenges in feedback mechanisms, limited access to reporting systems for remote clinics. |
Histopathology & Cytology Workflow in Lesotho
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- {"items":["Specimen is received at the laboratory and logged into the laboratory information system (LIS) or register.","Specimen integrity is checked.","For Histopathology:"," - Grossing: Pathologist or trained technician examines the specimen macroscopically, describes it, and selects representative sections for processing."," - Cassette preparation: Selected tissue pieces are placed in labelled cassettes."," - Tissue Processing: Tissues are dehydrated through a series of alcohol concentrations and cleared with xylene, then embedded in paraffin wax to form a block."," - Sectioning (Microtomy): The paraffin block is cut into very thin slices (sections) using a microtome."," - Staining: Sections are mounted on glass slides and stained, typically with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Special stains may be requested based on clinical suspicion.","For Cytology:"," - Slide Preparation: For liquid-based cytology (LBC), samples are processed to create a thin layer of cells on a slide. For conventional smears, cells are directly smeared onto the slide."," - Fixation: Slides are fixed to preserve cell morphology."," - Staining: Slides are stained, commonly with Papanicolaou (Pap) stain for gynecological samples and Wright-Giemsa or Romanowsky stains for non-gynecological samples."," - Cytoscan (for some): Automated screening devices may be used to pre-screen slides for abnormalities."],"title":"Phase 2: Laboratory Processing"}
- {"items":["Pathologist or cytopathologist microscopically examines the stained slides.","Cellular morphology, tissue architecture, and any abnormalities are meticulously evaluated.","Correlation with clinical information provided on the referral form is crucial.","Microscopic findings are documented.","Diagnosis is formulated based on the microscopic findings."],"title":"Phase 3: Microscopic Examination & Diagnosis"}
- {"items":["A detailed histopathology or cytology report is generated.","The report includes: patient demographics, specimen type, macroscopic description (for histopathology), microscopic findings, diagnosis, and any relevant comments or recommendations.","The report is reviewed and signed by the pathologist.","The report is dispatched back to the referring healthcare facility or clinician.","Clinician receives the report and integrates the findings into patient management.","Follow-up discussions or consultations may occur between the clinician and the pathologist if needed."],"title":"Phase 4: Reporting & Communication"}
Histopathology & Cytology Cost In Lesotho
The cost of histopathology and cytology services in Lesotho can vary significantly due to a number of factors. These include the complexity of the sample, the specific tests required (e.g., special stains, immunohistochemistry), the laboratory performing the analysis (public vs. private facilities), and the geographic location within Lesotho. Generally, private laboratories tend to have higher costs due to overheads and potentially more advanced equipment or specialized personnel. Public health facilities may offer subsidized rates, but access and turnaround times can sometimes be a concern. It's crucial to inquire directly with the laboratory or healthcare provider for the most accurate and up-to-date pricing.
| Service Type | Estimated Cost Range (LSL - Lesotho Loti) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Basic Histopathology (e.g., biopsy, small specimen) | 300 - 1200 LSL | Includes H&E staining. Primarily for initial diagnosis. |
| Advanced Histopathology (e.g., large resection specimen, multiple blocks) | 700 - 2500+ LSL | Cost increases with the number of tissue blocks examined. |
| Special Stains (per stain) | 150 - 400 LSL | Examples: PAS, GMS, Trichrome. Used to highlight specific cellular components or microorganisms. |
| Immunohistochemistry (IHC) (per antibody/marker) | 400 - 1500+ LSL | Depends on the marker's cost and complexity. Crucial for cancer subtyping and prognosis. |
| Basic Cytology (e.g., Pap smear, fluid cytology) | 250 - 800 LSL | For screening or initial assessment of cellular abnormalities. |
| Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology | 350 - 1000 LSL | Includes sample preparation and microscopic examination. |
| Consultation with Pathologist (complex cases) | 500 - 1500 LSL | May be an additional charge for in-depth interpretation or second opinions. |
Factors Influencing Histopathology & Cytology Costs in Lesotho
- Sample Complexity: The size, number of tissue fragments, or the extent of cellularity in a cytology sample can impact processing time and cost.
- Type of Test: Basic H&E (Hematoxylin and Eosin) staining is standard. Additional costs arise for special stains, immunoperoxidase stains (IHC), molecular testing, or flow cytometry.
- Laboratory Type: Public healthcare facilities often have lower costs, sometimes subsidized, compared to private laboratories with higher operational expenses.
- Geographic Location: Urban centers may have more private options with potentially different pricing structures than rural areas.
- Turnaround Time: Expedited processing for urgent cases can sometimes incur additional fees.
- Consumables and Reagents: The cost of specialized chemicals, antibodies (for IHC), and other laboratory consumables directly affects the overall price.
- Personnel Expertise: The level of training and specialization of pathologists and laboratory technicians can influence pricing.
Affordable Histopathology & Cytology Options
Navigating the costs of histopathology and cytology services can be a significant concern for many healthcare providers and patients. Fortunately, there are increasingly accessible and affordable options available. Understanding value bundles and implementing smart cost-saving strategies can lead to substantial savings without compromising diagnostic quality. This guide explores these avenues, offering practical advice for optimizing your pathology and cytology expenditures.
| Service Category | Traditional Pricing Example | Value Bundle Example | Potential Savings |
|---|---|---|---|
| General Biopsy Interpretation | Slide Preparation Fee + Interpretation Fee = $250-$400 | Bundle: Specimen Processing + H&E Staining + Pathologist Interpretation = $200-$300 | 15-40% |
| Endoscopic Biopsy Pack (e.g., Colonoscopy) | Multiple Biopsy Fees + Processing + Interpretation = $400-$700 | Bundle: Up to 5 tissue samples, processing, staining, interpretation = $300-$500 | 20-40% |
| Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology | Slide Preparation + Cytotechnologist Screen + Pathologist Review = $200-$350 | Bundle: Specimen prep, staining, initial screen, and interpretation = $180-$280 | 10-30% |
| Frozen Section (Intraoperative Consult) | Specimen Prep + Frozen Sectioning + Interpretation = $300-$500 | Bundle: Intraoperative frozen section and preliminary diagnosis = $280-$450 | 5-15% |
| Complex Histopathology with Special Stains | Standard Interpretation + Multiple Special Stains ($50-$150 each) = $300-$700+ | Bundle: Standard interpretation + 2-3 common special stains = $350-$550 | Variable, depends on number of stains |
Understanding Value Bundles and Cost-Saving Strategies
- Value Bundles Explained: Value bundles are pre-packaged diagnostic services that often combine multiple tests or procedures at a fixed price. This approach offers predictable costs and can be more economical than ordering individual tests. They are designed to provide comprehensive diagnostic information efficiently.
- Types of Value Bundles: These can range from bundled specimen processing and interpretation for a specific type of biopsy (e.g., a colonoscopy bundle) to comprehensive cancer panels that include advanced molecular testing alongside traditional histopathology.
- Cost-Saving Strategy 1: Negotiate with Preferred Providers: Establish strong relationships with a few select pathology labs that consistently deliver high-quality results and competitive pricing. Negotiate volume-based discounts or long-term contracts.
- Cost-Saving Strategy 2: Utilize Telepathology: For remote or underserved areas, telepathology can significantly reduce turnaround times and logistical costs associated with transporting specimens. It also allows for expert second opinions without extensive travel.
- Cost-Saving Strategy 3: Optimize Specimen Handling: Proper specimen collection, preservation, and transport are crucial. Incorrect handling can lead to repeat testing or inadequate diagnoses, incurring extra costs. Ensure staff are well-trained in best practices.
- Cost-Saving Strategy 4: Leverage Outsourcing for Specialized Tests: Instead of investing in expensive equipment and specialized personnel for rare or complex tests, consider outsourcing these to dedicated pathology reference laboratories. This can be more cost-effective.
- Cost-Saving Strategy 5: Review and Audit Billing Regularly: Periodically review pathology and cytology bills for accuracy and identify any potential overcharges or duplicate services. Implement internal auditing processes.
- Cost-Saving Strategy 6: Embrace Digital Pathology: While an initial investment, digital pathology can streamline workflow, improve collaboration, and reduce the need for physical slide storage, leading to long-term cost savings and increased efficiency.
- Cost-Saving Strategy 7: Participate in Quality Assurance Programs: Engaging in external quality assurance programs can help ensure diagnostic accuracy, reducing the likelihood of misdiagnoses that lead to costly follow-up procedures or litigation.
Verified Providers In Lesotho
Navigating the healthcare landscape in Lesotho can be challenging, especially when seeking reliable and quality medical services. Franance Health stands out as a beacon of trust and excellence, providing access to a network of meticulously vetted and verified healthcare providers across the nation. Understanding their rigorous credentialing process and the benefits it offers is crucial for making informed decisions about your health.
| Verification Aspect | Franance Health's Standard | Benefit to Patients |
|---|---|---|
| Professional Licensing & Certifications | Thorough checks of all relevant medical licenses and certifications. | Ensures providers meet the minimum legal and professional requirements. |
| Educational Background & Qualifications | Verification of academic credentials and specialized training. | Confirms providers have the necessary knowledge and skills. |
| Clinical Experience | Assessment of practical experience in their respective fields. | Guarantees providers have hands-on experience treating various conditions. |
| Professional Reputation & References | Gathering feedback from peers and, where applicable, previous institutions. | Indicates a provider's standing within the medical community. |
| Ethical Conduct & Disciplinary History | Screening for any disciplinary actions or ethical breaches. | Protects patients from providers with a history of misconduct. |
| Patient Feedback & Outcomes (where available) | Incorporating patient satisfaction data and reported outcomes. | Provides insight into the patient experience and treatment effectiveness. |
Why Franance Health's Verified Providers are the Best Choice:
- Uncompromising Quality Assurance: Franance Health implements a multi-stage verification process that goes beyond basic licensing. They assess qualifications, experience, ethical standing, and patient feedback to ensure only the most competent and trustworthy professionals join their network.
- Enhanced Patient Safety: By partnering with verified providers, patients can have greater confidence in the safety and efficacy of the care they receive. This reduces the risk of medical errors and ensures adherence to best practices.
- Access to Specialized Expertise: Franance Health's network encompasses a wide range of medical specialties, connecting you with the right doctors and specialists for your specific needs, no matter how complex.
- Streamlined Healthcare Journey: Their verified network simplifies the process of finding healthcare. Instead of sifting through unverified options, you can directly access a curated list of pre-qualified professionals.
- Commitment to Ethical Practice: Franance Health prioritizes providers who demonstrate a strong commitment to ethical conduct and patient-centered care, fostering a positive and supportive healthcare experience.
- Peace of Mind: Knowing you are engaging with a verified healthcare professional provides invaluable peace of mind, allowing you to focus on your recovery and well-being.
Scope Of Work For Histopathology & Cytology
This Scope of Work (SOW) outlines the requirements for Histopathology and Cytology services, encompassing technical deliverables and standard specifications. The objective is to ensure high-quality diagnostic services that meet established medical and laboratory standards. The services include the processing, examination, and reporting of tissue and cellular samples.
| Technical Deliverable | Description | Standard Specification/Requirement | Key Performance Indicator (KPI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Histology Slides (H&E Stained) | Processed tissue embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for microscopic examination. | Tissue fixation within 1 hour of collection (if feasible); processing to completion within 24-48 hours; consistent staining quality; absence of artifacts; adequate cellularity and architecture preservation. | Turnaround Time (TAT) for routine histology: < 5 business days from specimen receipt to preliminary diagnosis; Slide rejection rate: < 1% |
| Cytology Slides (Papanicolaou/Wright-Giemsa Stained) | Prepared cellular material from various sources (e.g., Pap smears, FNAs, body fluids) stained for microscopic evaluation. | Proper cell dispersion and fixation; appropriate staining technique ensuring clear cellular morphology; minimal background artifact; preservation of nuclear and cytoplasmic details. | TAT for routine cytology: < 3 business days from specimen receipt to preliminary diagnosis; Unsatisfactory smear rate: < 5% |
| Special Stains and IHC Reports | Reports detailing the results of specific stains (e.g., PAS, Trichrome) and IHC markers performed on tissue sections. | Appropriate controls (positive and negative) utilized for all special stains and IHC; reproducible staining results; clear interpretation of marker expression. | TAT for special stains/IHC: < 7 business days from specimen receipt to report; Concordance with expected results for controls: 100% |
| Frozen Section Reports | Preliminary diagnosis provided during intraoperative procedures based on frozen tissue sections. | Rapid processing and staining of frozen tissue; accurate preliminary interpretation; timely communication of results to surgeon. | TAT for frozen sections: < 20 minutes from specimen receipt to preliminary report; Accuracy of frozen section diagnosis compared to final paraffin-embedded diagnosis: > 95% |
| Final Pathology Reports | Comprehensive, well-documented reports of microscopic findings and diagnostic conclusions, including macroscopic description and clinical correlation. | Clear, concise, and unambiguous language; inclusion of all relevant findings (e.g., tumor size, margins, lymph node status); use of standardized terminology (e.g., CAP guidelines); timely generation post-microscopic examination. | TAT for final histology report: < 7 business days from specimen receipt; TAT for final cytology report: < 5 business days from specimen receipt; Report completeness: 100% |
| Quality Control Records | Documentation of all QA/QC activities, including internal and external proficiency testing, equipment calibration, and reagent lot verification. | Regular review of stained slides by senior pathologists; participation in external QA programs (e.g., CAP, CAP-LRV); adherence to CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program standards. | Successful completion of all proficiency testing cycles; documented corrective actions for any identified deficiencies. |
| Specimen Management Log | Accurate records of specimen receipt, accessioning, processing, storage, and disposal. | Unique accession number for each specimen; secure storage conditions; adherence to biohazard waste disposal regulations; retention of slides and blocks as per institutional policy and regulatory requirements. | Zero loss of specimens; compliance with all regulatory requirements for specimen retention and disposal. |
Key Service Areas
- Histopathology Sample Processing (Biopsies, Surgical Excisions)
- Cytology Sample Processing (Exfoliative, Fine Needle Aspirations, Fluid Cytology)
- Special Stains and Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
- Frozen Section Analysis
- Microscopic Examination and Diagnosis
- Pathology Report Generation
- Quality Assurance and Control (QA/QC)
- Specimen Handling, Storage, and Disposal
Service Level Agreement For Histopathology & Cytology
This Service Level Agreement (SLA) outlines the guaranteed response times and uptime for Histopathology and Cytology services. It is designed to ensure timely and reliable diagnostic reporting for our clients.
| Service Component | SLA Target (Business Hours) | Uptime Guarantee |
|---|---|---|
| Sample Reception & Registration | Within 2 business hours of physical receipt | N/A |
| Histology Processing & Staining (Routine) | Within 24 business hours of registration | N/A |
| Cytology Preparation & Staining (Routine) | Within 12 business hours of registration | N/A |
| Histology Microscopic Examination (Routine) | Within 48 business hours of completed processing | N/A |
| Cytology Microscopic Examination (Routine) | Within 24 business hours of completed preparation | N/A |
| Histology Report Release (Routine) | Within 72 business hours of completed examination | N/A |
| Cytology Report Release (Routine) | Within 48 business hours of completed examination | N/A |
| Urgent/STAT Cases | Prioritized for expedited processing and reporting (specific targets to be defined per case) | N/A |
| Laboratory Information System (LIS) | N/A | 99.5% uptime (excluding scheduled maintenance) |
| Pathology Image Archiving System (PACS) | N/A | 99.5% uptime (excluding scheduled maintenance) |
| Critical Diagnostic Equipment (e.g., Scanners, Automated Stains) | N/A | 98.0% uptime (excluding scheduled maintenance and unforeseen hardware failures) |
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
- Sample Reception & Registration: All incoming samples will be logged into the laboratory information system (LIS) within a specified timeframe.
- Processing & Staining: Histology and cytology samples will be processed and stained according to established protocols within defined turnaround times.
- Microscopic Examination: Pathologists will commence microscopic examination of prepared slides within a specified window following preparation.
- Report Generation & Release: Final diagnostic reports will be generated and released within a guaranteed timeframe from the completion of microscopic examination.
- System Uptime: Critical laboratory information systems (LIS, PACS) and diagnostic equipment will maintain a high level of operational availability.
Frequently Asked Questions

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