Histopathology & Cytology in Ghana
Engineering Excellence & Technical Support
Histopathology & Cytology solutions for Clinical & Diagnostic Labs. High-standard technical execution following OEM protocols and local regulatory frameworks.
Advanced Diagnostic Capabilities
Empowering Ghanaian healthcare professionals with cutting-edge histopathology and cytology services, enabling precise diagnosis and personalized treatment plans for a wide range of diseases, including cancers and infectious agents.
Specialized Neuropathology Services
Providing expert neuropathology analysis for complex neurological conditions in Ghana, aiding in the accurate diagnosis of brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, and other central nervous system disorders.
Pulmonary Pathology Excellence
Delivering high-quality histopathological examination of lung biopsies and cytology samples in Ghana, crucial for the diagnosis and management of respiratory diseases, including tuberculosis and lung cancer.
What Is Histopathology & Cytology In Ghana?
Histopathology and Cytology are two distinct yet complementary laboratory disciplines focused on the microscopic examination of biological tissues and cells, respectively, for diagnostic purposes. In Ghana, these services are crucial components of the healthcare system, aiding in the accurate diagnosis and management of a wide spectrum of diseases, particularly neoplastic and inflammatory conditions.
Histopathology involves the macroscopic and microscopic examination of surgically removed tissues or biopsy specimens. The process entails fixing, processing, sectioning, staining, and ultimately analyzing these tissue samples by a pathologist to identify cellular abnormalities, disease processes, and their extent. This allows for definitive diagnosis, grading, staging, and determination of treatment responsiveness.
Cytology, on the other hand, examines individual cells or small clusters of cells that have been exfoliated (shed) from body surfaces or collected via fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or fluid specimens. Common cytological samples include cervical Pap smears, urine cytology, pleural or peritoneal effusions, and FNA biopsies of superficial masses. The primary aim is to detect precancerous changes, malignant cells, and other cellular abnormalities. While cytology can provide a strong suspicion of disease and guide further management, histopathology is often required for definitive diagnosis and detailed characterization.
In Ghana, these services are predominantly offered in public tertiary and secondary healthcare facilities, as well as select private diagnostic laboratories. The availability and accessibility can vary regionally, with higher concentrations of these services in urban centers and teaching hospitals. The demand is driven by the need for precise disease identification and staging, which is fundamental for effective therapeutic intervention and patient prognosis.
| Service | Definition | Who Needs It? | Typical Use Cases in Ghana |
|---|---|---|---|
| Histopathology | Microscopic examination of tissue sections to diagnose disease. | Patients undergoing surgical procedures, biopsies for suspected malignancy or inflammatory conditions, organ transplantation recipients. | Diagnosis of cancers (e.g., breast, prostate, colorectal, cervical), identification of infectious diseases (e.g., tuberculosis in lymph nodes), assessment of organ damage (e.g., kidney biopsies), characterization of skin lesions. |
| Cytology | Microscopic examination of individual cells or cell clusters to detect abnormalities. | Women undergoing cervical cancer screening (Pap smears), patients with suspicious lumps or swellings for FNA, individuals with unexplained effusions (pleural, peritoneal, pericardial), urine cytology for bladder abnormalities. | Screening for cervical precancers and cancers, diagnosis of thyroid nodules, breast lumps, salivary gland tumors, detection of malignant cells in body fluids (e.g., ascites, pleural effusions), diagnosis of urinary tract malignancies. |
Key Aspects of Histopathology and Cytology in Ghana
- Diagnostic Modalities: Essential for definitive diagnosis and characterization of diseases.
- Healthcare Integration: Integral to the workflow of oncology, surgery, internal medicine, and public health screening programs.
- Specimen Types: Encompasses surgical biopsies, resections, exfoliated cells, and fine-needle aspirates.
- Technological Requirements: Requires specialized laboratory equipment, reagents, and trained personnel (histotechnicians, cytotechnologists, pathologists).
- Challenges: Potential challenges include infrastructure limitations, reagent supply chain issues, and a shortage of specialized personnel in remote areas.
- Quality Assurance: Adherence to strict quality control measures is paramount for diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.
Who Needs Histopathology & Cytology In Ghana?
Histopathology and cytology play a crucial role in diagnosing and managing a wide range of diseases in Ghana. These diagnostic techniques are vital for identifying cancer, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions, and other abnormalities at the cellular and tissue level. Their application spans across various healthcare settings, from public hospitals to private clinics, and their demand is driven by the need for accurate diagnoses to guide effective treatment. The accuracy and comprehensiveness of histopathology and cytology reports are essential for clinicians to make informed decisions, leading to better patient outcomes and a more robust healthcare system in Ghana.
| Department | Key Needs/Applications | Examples of Specimens |
|---|---|---|
| Pathology Department | Primary diagnostics for cancer staging, grading, determining treatment response, identifying infectious agents, and diagnosing inflammatory conditions. | Biopsies (surgical, needle, punch), excisional specimens, surgical resections. |
| Oncology Department | Confirmation of cancer diagnosis, assessment of tumor type, grade, and stage to guide chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical treatment. | Biopsies, surgical specimens (e.g., mastectomy, colectomy). |
| Surgery Department | Intra-operative consultation (frozen sections) for immediate decision-making, assessment of surgical margins, and diagnosis of excised lesions. | Biopsies, excised tumors, lymph nodes. |
| Internal Medicine / General Practice | Diagnosis of non-malignant conditions, monitoring chronic diseases, identifying inflammatory or infectious causes of symptoms. | Biopsies (e.g., skin, liver), fine-needle aspirates (FNA) from various organs. |
| Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Screening for cervical cancer (Pap smears), diagnosis of uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometrial hyperplasia, and other reproductive tract abnormalities. | Cervical smears (Pap tests), endometrial biopsies, ovarian cyst aspirates. |
| Dermatology | Diagnosis of skin cancers (melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma), inflammatory skin conditions, and infections. | Skin biopsies (punch, shave, excisional). |
| Urology | Diagnosis of prostate cancer, bladder cancer, kidney tumors, and other urological conditions. | Prostate biopsies, bladder biopsies, renal biopsies. |
| Gastroenterology | Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcers, polyps, and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. | Endoscopic biopsies (stomach, colon, esophagus), liver biopsies. |
| Respiratory Medicine | Diagnosis of lung cancer, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other lung diseases. | Bronchial biopsies, pleural biopsies, lung biopsies (image-guided). |
| Haematology | Diagnosis and classification of blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma), and other blood disorders. | Bone marrow aspirates and biopsies, lymph node biopsies. |
| Infectious Disease Units | Identification of causative agents in suspected infections, particularly for difficult-to-diagnose or chronic infections. | Biopsies from infected sites, fluids (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid). |
| Research & Academia | Studying disease mechanisms, developing new diagnostic markers, and training future pathologists and clinicians. | Varies widely depending on research focus. |
Target Customers and Departments in Ghana for Histopathology & Cytology Services
- Hospitals (Public and Private)
- Diagnostic Laboratories
- Specialty Clinics (e.g., Oncology, Dermatology, Gastroenterology)
- Research Institutions
- Medical Schools/Universities
Histopathology & Cytology Process In Ghana
Histopathology and Cytology are crucial diagnostic disciplines in Ghana, playing a vital role in disease diagnosis, particularly for cancer. The process, from initial inquiry to final reporting, involves a series of interconnected steps, primarily executed in hospital laboratories and specialized diagnostic centers. This workflow ensures that patient samples are processed accurately and efficiently to provide clinicians with the necessary information for patient management and treatment decisions. The process is often initiated by a clinician's request for a specific diagnostic test based on patient symptoms or findings.
| Stage | Description | Key Personnel Involved | Common Challenges in Ghana |
|---|---|---|---|
| Specimen Collection & Referral | A clinician collects a tissue biopsy, surgical specimen, or cytological sample (e.g., Pap smear, fine-needle aspiration) from a patient. The sample is placed in an appropriate fixative (e.g., formalin for histopathology, liquid-based cytology medium for cytology). A request form detailing patient information, clinical history, and the specific test required is completed. Samples are then transported to the laboratory, often via internal hospital logistics or external courier services. | Clinician (Doctor, Nurse Practitioner), Phlebotomist/Specimen Collector | Inadequate or incorrect specimen collection, insufficient fixation, delayed transport, incomplete request forms, lack of specialized collection materials. |
| Specimen Reception & Registration | Upon arrival at the laboratory, specimens are logged into a laboratory information system (LIS) or manual register. A unique laboratory number is assigned. The specimen is checked for integrity, proper labeling, and concordance with the request form. A preliminary assessment of suitability for processing is made. | Laboratory Technicians, Laboratory Assistants | Lack of LIS, manual record-keeping errors, insufficient staffing for timely registration, inadequate space for specimen storage. |
| Gross Examination (Histopathology) | For histopathology, the pathologist or a senior technician visually examines the macroscopic features of the tissue. Dimensions, color, consistency, and any visible abnormalities are noted. Representative sections are carefully dissected and labelled for further processing. | Pathologist, Senior Laboratory Technicians | Limited availability of pathologists for grossing, insufficient dissection equipment, poor lighting, inadequate space. |
| Tissue Processing & Embedding (Histopathology) | Tissue samples undergo a series of dehydration steps using increasing concentrations of alcohol, followed by clearing with xylene, and infiltration with molten paraffin wax. The infiltrated tissue is then embedded in a paraffin block, which provides a solid matrix for sectioning. | Laboratory Technicians | Malfunctioning tissue processors, inconsistent reagent quality and availability, power outages disrupting processing cycles, insufficient paraffin wax. |
| Sectioning (Histopathology) | The paraffin block is trimmed and then cut into very thin sections (typically 3-5 micrometers) using a microtome. These thin sections are floated on a warm water bath to flatten them and then carefully transferred onto glass slides. | Laboratory Technicians | Lack of well-maintained microtomes, difficulty in obtaining thin and even sections, broken slides, lack of trained personnel. |
| Staining (Histopathology & Cytology) | For histopathology, the tissue sections on slides are deparaffinized (wax removed), rehydrated, and then stained, most commonly with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Cytology slides are typically stained using Papanicolaou (Pap) stain or Romanowsky stains. | Laboratory Technicians | Inconsistent staining quality due to reagent degradation or improper handling, lack of automation for staining, inconsistent results between batches, limited availability of specialized stains. |
| Microscopic Examination & Diagnosis | The stained slides are examined under a microscope by a pathologist. The pathologist meticulously analyzes the cellular morphology, tissue architecture, and presence of any abnormalities (e.g., inflammation, infection, dysplasia, malignancy). | Pathologist | Shortage of pathologists, high workload leading to rushed diagnoses, poor quality microscopes, inadequate lighting, limited access to reference materials. |
| Reporting | Based on the microscopic findings, the pathologist dictates or writes a detailed diagnostic report. This report includes a macroscopic description (histopathology), microscopic findings, and a final diagnosis. The report is then transcribed, reviewed, and signed by the pathologist. Reports are sent back to the referring clinician. | Pathologist, Medical Records Officers, Laboratory Secretaries | Delayed reporting due to workload, transcription errors, communication breakdowns between lab and clinic, lack of standardized reporting formats, difficulty in accessing reports for review. |
| Archiving | Tissue blocks, slides, and reports are archived for a specified period as per institutional and national guidelines. This is crucial for future reference, quality control, research, and legal purposes. | Laboratory Technicians, Archivists | Limited storage space, poor archiving systems leading to lost slides/blocks, inadequate preservation conditions, security concerns. |
Histopathology & Cytology Workflow in Ghana
- Specimen Collection & Referral
- Specimen Reception & Registration
- Gross Examination (Histopathology)
- Tissue Processing & Embedding (Histopathology)
- Sectioning (Histopathology)
- Staining (Histopathology & Cytology)
- Microscopic Examination & Diagnosis
- Reporting
- Archiving
Histopathology & Cytology Cost In Ghana
Histopathology and cytology are crucial diagnostic services in Ghana, essential for identifying diseases like cancer. The cost of these services can vary significantly due to several factors, making it challenging to provide a single definitive price. Understanding these factors is vital for patients and healthcare providers alike to navigate the healthcare system effectively. The pricing is primarily influenced by the complexity of the test, the type of sample, the laboratory's overheads, the expertise of the pathologist, and the specific geographical location within Ghana.
| Service Type | Estimated Cost Range (GHS) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Pap Smear (Cervical Cytology) | 100 - 300 | Covers basic screening; advanced HPV testing may be additional. |
| Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology (e.g., thyroid, breast lump) | 150 - 400 | Price can vary based on the number of aspirations and slides prepared. |
| Biopsy (e.g., skin, lymph node, small tissue sample) | 250 - 700 | Includes processing and routine histology. Special stains will increase cost. |
| Surgical Specimen (e.g., excisional biopsy, partial organ removal) | 400 - 1500+ | Cost is highly dependent on the size, complexity, and number of blocks required. |
| Special Stains (per stain) | 50 - 150 | Used for specific cellular components or microorganisms. |
| Frozen Section (Urgent Analysis) | 300 - 800 | For intraoperative diagnosis, often with a surcharge. |
Factors Influencing Histopathology & Cytology Costs in Ghana
- Type of Test: Simple biopsies or Pap smears are generally less expensive than complex surgical specimen analyses or specialized stains.
- Sample Complexity: The size and number of tissue samples submitted for examination impact the time and resources required for processing and analysis.
- Laboratory Overheads: Costs associated with running a laboratory, including equipment maintenance, reagents, consumables, electricity, and rent, are factored into the pricing.
- Pathologist's Expertise: Highly specialized pathologists or those with extensive experience may command higher fees, especially for complex cases.
- Geographical Location: Laboratories in major urban centers like Accra and Kumasi might have higher operating costs, potentially leading to higher service fees compared to those in smaller towns or rural areas.
- Urgency of Service: Rush or STAT requests, which require immediate processing and reporting, often incur additional charges.
- Accreditation and Quality Standards: Laboratories adhering to international quality standards and accreditation may have higher operational costs, reflected in their pricing.
- Inclusion of Ancillary Tests: Some analyses might require additional special stains or molecular tests, which will increase the overall cost.
Affordable Histopathology & Cytology Options
Navigating the world of histopathology and cytology services can feel overwhelming, especially when cost is a primary concern. Fortunately, there are increasingly accessible and affordable options available. Understanding the different ways services are bundled and implementing smart cost-saving strategies can significantly reduce your laboratory expenses without compromising diagnostic accuracy. This guide explores how to achieve this.
| Strategy | Description | Potential Savings Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Value Bundles | Pre-packaged combinations of common tests at a fixed price. | Moderate to High |
| Volume Discounts | Reduced per-unit cost for a high number of specimens. | High |
| Tiered Pricing | Different price points based on diagnostic complexity or urgency. | Moderate |
| Digital Pathology | Utilizing digital slides for remote access and consultation. | Moderate (reduced transport/personnel costs) |
| Service Consolidation | Using a single lab for all histopathology and cytology needs. | Moderate |
| Outsourcing Analysis | Sending specific tests to external labs. | Variable (depends on test volume and complexity) |
| Negotiated TAT | Agreeing on flexible turnaround times for routine cases. | Low to Moderate |
| Early Payment | Receiving a discount for prompt invoice payment. | Low |
| Test Utilization Review | Ensuring only necessary tests are ordered. | Moderate |
| Smaller Lab Partnerships | Collaborating with specialized or regional labs. | Moderate to High |
| Group Purchasing | Leveraging collective buying power through GPOs. | High |
Key Value Bundles and Cost-Saving Strategies
- Value Bundles Explained: Instead of paying for individual tests, many providers offer 'value bundles' that combine multiple common procedures at a reduced overall price. These can be tailored to specific needs, such as 'routine biopsy panel' or 'fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology package.'
- Volume Discounts: For practices or institutions with a consistent high volume of specimens, negotiating volume-based discounts with your chosen laboratory is a powerful cost-saving measure.
- Tiered Pricing Models: Some laboratories offer tiered pricing based on the complexity or urgency of the case. Understanding these tiers allows you to choose the most cost-effective option for standard diagnoses.
- Remote & Digital Pathology: Embracing digital pathology and tele-consultation can reduce the need for physical slide transport and potentially lower costs associated with courier services and in-house pathologist time for initial screening.
- Consolidation of Services: Rather than using multiple labs, consolidating your histopathology and cytology needs with a single, reputable provider often unlocks better pricing and simplifies billing.
- Outsourced vs. In-House Analysis: Carefully evaluate the cost-benefit of performing certain analyses in-house versus outsourcing them. For specialized or low-volume tests, outsourcing can be more economical.
- Negotiating Turnaround Times (TAT): While urgent cases require rapid turnaround, negotiating TATs for routine specimens can sometimes lead to better pricing.
- Early Payment Discounts: Inquire about any discounts offered for prompt or early payment of invoices.
- Reviewing Test Utilization: Regularly review the tests being ordered to ensure they are medically necessary and not being over-utilized. This helps in identifying potential cost savings.
- Exploring Smaller, Specialized Labs: While large national labs have their advantages, sometimes smaller, regional, or specialized laboratories can offer more competitive pricing for specific types of work.
- Partnerships and Group Purchasing: If you're part of a larger practice group or hospital network, explore group purchasing organizations (GPOs) or collaborative agreements that can leverage combined buying power for better rates.
Verified Providers In Ghana
In Ghana's burgeoning healthcare sector, the need for reliable and qualified medical professionals is paramount. 'Verified Providers' signifies a crucial standard, assuring patients of their health providers' legitimacy, ethical practice, and adherence to professional requirements. Franance Health stands out as a leading platform dedicated to connecting individuals with such verified healthcare professionals. Their rigorous credentialing process ensures that every provider listed on their platform has undergone thorough background checks, license verification, and competency assessments. This commitment to quality not only builds trust but also guarantees that patients receive safe, effective, and ethical medical care. Choosing a Franance Health verified provider means opting for peace of mind and superior health outcomes.
| Provider Category | Franance Health Verification Standard | Benefits for Patients |
|---|---|---|
| Doctors | Medical & Dental Council (MDC) registration, valid practicing license, specialty certifications. | Access to board-certified specialists, assurance of current medical knowledge and skills. |
| Nurses | Nursing & Midwifery Council (N&MC) registration, valid practicing license, relevant training. | Qualified and compassionate care, adherence to nursing standards and patient protocols. |
| Pharmacists | Pharmacy Council registration, valid practicing license, clean record. | Accurate dispensing of medication, professional advice on drug usage and interactions. |
| Therapists (Physio, Occupational, etc.) | Relevant professional body registration, valid practicing license, proof of competency. | Evidence-based treatment plans, effective rehabilitation and recovery support. |
| Diagnostic Technicians | Professional certifications, facility accreditation, adherence to safety standards. | Accurate and reliable diagnostic results, safe use of medical equipment. |
Why Franance Health Verified Providers are the Best Choice:
- Rigorous Credentialing Process: Franance Health meticulously verifies all provider credentials, including licenses, certifications, and educational backgrounds.
- Commitment to Ethical Practice: Verified providers adhere to a strict code of conduct and ethical standards, ensuring patient well-being and trust.
- Enhanced Patient Safety: By confirming qualifications and experience, Franance Health minimizes risks and promotes safer healthcare delivery.
- Access to Competent Professionals: Patients gain access to a network of highly skilled and experienced healthcare practitioners.
- Streamlined Healthcare Navigation: Franance Health simplifies the process of finding reliable medical specialists, saving patients time and reducing stress.
Scope Of Work For Histopathology & Cytology
This document outlines the Scope of Work for Histopathology and Cytology services, detailing the technical deliverables and standard specifications required for accurate and reliable diagnostic testing. It serves as a guide for laboratories, pathologists, and clients to ensure consistent quality and comprehensive reporting.
| Service Component | Technical Deliverables | Standard Specifications |
|---|---|---|
| Sample Handling and Receipt | Verification of sample integrity, correct labeling, and appropriate transport media. | Samples received within 24 hours of collection (unless otherwise specified for frozen sections or specific cytology types). Proper temperature maintenance during transit. Labeled with patient demographics, specimen source, and date/time of collection. |
| Tissue Processing and Embedding | Fixation of tissue, dehydration, clearing, infiltration with paraffin, and block formation. | Adequate fixation (e.g., 10% neutral buffered formalin for a minimum of 24-48 hours for routine specimens). Complete dehydration and clearing. Uniform infiltration and embedding in paraffin wax to ensure intact tissue for sectioning. |
| Microtome Sectioning and Staining | Generation of thin, consistent tissue sections (typically 3-5 µm) and routine staining (e.g., Hematoxylin and Eosin - H&E). | Sections free from tears, folds, or crushing artifacts. Consistent thickness. H&E staining with appropriate nuclear and cytoplasmic differentiation, free from over or under-staining. Adequate counterstaining. |
| Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Special Stains | Application of specific antibodies or reagents to identify cellular components or specific tissue features. | Validation of all antibodies/reagents used. Use of appropriate positive and negative controls for each run. Clear and distinct staining without significant background artifact. Quantitative or semi-quantitative assessment where applicable. |
| Cytology Specimen Processing | Preparation of slides from liquid-based cytology (LBC) or conventional smears, and fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples. | Well-prepared, evenly distributed cellular material on slides. Minimal artifact (drying, obscuring blood, inflammation). Adequate cellularity for assessment. Representative sampling. |
| Microscopic Examination and Diagnosis | Comprehensive examination of stained slides by a qualified pathologist. | Examination of all areas of the slide. Identification of any pathological findings, cellular abnormalities, or microorganisms. Correlation with clinical information. |
| Reporting and Interpretation | Written report detailing microscopic findings, diagnosis, and relevant comments. | Clear, concise, and unambiguous reports. Inclusion of microscopic description, diagnosis (with grading/staging if applicable), and recommendation for further action if needed. Reports signed by a qualified pathologist. Standardized terminology used. |
| Quality Assurance and Control | Internal quality control measures for all steps of the process. | Regular calibration of equipment. Proficiency testing for staining. Inter-observer variability studies. Review of all diagnostic cases by a senior pathologist. Documentation of all QC activities. |
| Specimen Storage and Disposal | Storage of blocks and slides for a defined period and subsequent disposal. | Blocks and slides stored in a secure and organized manner. Storage duration compliant with local regulations and institutional policies (typically 5-10 years for blocks, longer for slides). Disposal via approved methods. |
| Turnaround Time (TAT) Expectations | Timely completion of diagnostic testing and reporting. | Routine histopathology: 3-5 business days from receipt to preliminary report. Routine cytology: 2-4 business days from receipt to preliminary report. Urgent/STAT requests: within 24-48 hours. Specific TATs for complex cases or IHC to be defined. |
Key Areas Covered
- Sample Handling and Receipt
- Tissue Processing and Embedding
- Microtome Sectioning and Staining
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Special Stains
- Cytology Specimen Processing
- Microscopic Examination and Diagnosis
- Reporting and Interpretation
- Quality Assurance and Control
- Specimen Storage and Disposal
- Turnaround Time (TAT) Expectations
Service Level Agreement For Histopathology & Cytology
This Service Level Agreement (SLA) outlines the performance standards and commitments for Histopathology and Cytology services provided by [Your Organization Name] to [Client Organization Name]. It defines response times for critical requests and uptime guarantees for access to our reporting and consultation platforms.
| Service Component | Response Time (Business Hours) | Uptime Guarantee (Monthly) |
|---|---|---|
| Initial Triage of Urgent/STAT Histopathology Cases | 1 Hour (from confirmed receipt of specimen) | N/A |
| Initial Triage of Urgent/STAT Cytology Cases | 1 Hour (from confirmed receipt of specimen) | N/A |
| Preliminary Report Availability for Urgent/STAT Histopathology Cases | 8 Business Hours | N/A |
| Preliminary Report Availability for Urgent/STAT Cytology Cases | 4 Business Hours | N/A |
| Final Report Availability for Routine Histopathology Cases | 5 Business Days | N/A |
| Final Report Availability for Routine Cytology Cases | 3 Business Days | N/A |
| Access to Online Reporting & Consultation Portal | N/A | 99.5% |
| Response to Consultation Requests (non-urgent) | 4 Business Hours | N/A |
| Response to Consultation Requests (urgent/STAT) | 1 Business Hour | N/A |
Scope of Services
- Histopathology slide preparation, staining, and microscopic examination.
- Cytology sample preparation, staining, and microscopic examination.
- Generation and delivery of diagnostic reports for both histopathology and cytology cases.
- Availability of a secure online portal for report access and consultation requests.
Frequently Asked Questions
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